Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Is Math a Science Essay

Upon arriving at this topic, I had previously been asked a simple opinionated question, is math is a science, an art, or a philosophy. I thought to myself, well of course all three. Mathematics is for the most part (at least what people see) is a science; adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, differentiating, integrating, etc. These are all very well defined operations which, for the most part, have very algorithmic solution methods. The art comes in the proofs. Typically, when formulating a proof you’re not given anywhere to start and so, just like in art, practice makes perfect. Also, when writing theorems this process is completely in reverse and the amount of creativity required is staggering. Just try drawing a conclusion from a set of fragmented, typically unrelated information (this doesn’t even have to be math related). The philosophy comes from concepts of infinity and most of set theory. A lot of early mathematics (after the Dark Age) were, for the most part, philosophers. They were fascinated by how something so simple as mathematics could model something so abstract and complicated as nature, and yet could itself become as abstract as to not be visualize-able by humans (infinite, dimensions greater than 3, etc.) So it is all three, although rarely is it simultaneously all three. One of these usually dominates while working with math at any one time. But there have been points in history where all three of coincided and it is some of the most mind-boggling and beautiful work you’ll ever see. But it had got me thinking after taking this course that is math really a science, an art, or a philosophy, though for more thought out reasons. Having an art background and studying art history front and back, I came to the idea that mathematics and art go hand in hand. (And now knowing this, I have a stronger connection as to why math would be considered an art compared to a chemical engineer who would be more likely to lean towards a more scientifical view of mathematics). Math and art have quite a long, historical relationship. The ancient Egyptians and the ancient Greeks knew about the golden ration, regarded and an aesthetically pleasing ratio, and incorporated it into the design of monuments including the Great Pyramid, the Parthenon, and the Colosseum. There are many examples of artists who have been inspired by mathematics and have studied mathematics as a means of complementing their works. The Greek sculptor Polykleitos prescribed a series of mathematical proportions for carving the ideal male nude. Renaissance painters turned to mathematics and many, including Piero della Francesca, became accomplished mathematicians themselves. Even look at Galileo Galilei, he wrote that the universe is written in the language of mathematics, and that its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures. On the other hand, mathematicians have sought to interpret and analyze art through the lens of geometry and rationality. All of this made me realize that this all had to do with algorithms. Algorithms had to fit into the mathematical relation with art which then got me to the concept of algorithmic art. Algorithmic art, also known as algorithm art, is visual art explicitly generated by an algorithm. It is a subset of generative art, and is practically always executed by a computer. If executed by a computer, it is also classed as computer-generated art; typically, this is usually categorized as digital art. Fractal art and equation art are both subsets of algorithmic art. For a work of art to be considered algorithmic art, its creation must include a process based on an algorithm devised by the artist. Here, an algorithm is simply a detailed recipe for the design and possibly execution of an artwork, which may include computer code, functions, expressions, or other input which ultimately determines the form the art will take. This input may be mathematical, computational, or generative in nature. Inasmuch as algorithms tend to be deterministic, meaning that their repeated execution would always result in the production of identical artworks, some external factor is usually introduced. This can either be a random number generator of some sort, or an external body of data (which, I found, can range from recorded heartbeats to frames of a movie.) Some artists also work with organically based gestural input which is then modified by an algorithm. By this definition, algorithmic art is not to be confused with graphical methods such as generating a fractal out of a fractal program; it is necessarily concerned with the human factor (one’s own algorithm, and not one that is pre-set in a package). The artist must be concerned with the most appropriate expression for their idea, just as a painter would be most concerned with the best application of colors. By this definition, defaulting to something like a fractal generator (and using it for all or most of your creations) would in essence be letting the computer dictate the form of the final work, and not truly be a creative art. The artist’s self-made algorithms are an integral part of the authorship, as well as being a medium through which their ideas are conveyed. Though, after delving into the fact that math is and can be very well classified as an art, I do strongly agree that math is a science because I think that math can be considered a science if you look at it from the right perspective. Let’s say you have a hypothesis (imagine you are Fermat or Pythagoras). How would you prove that you were right? You would do an experiment (the proof) and arrive at a conclusion. This is the scientific method, and it does fit how mathematics is done. Sometimes it takes a while to do enough experiments to prove your theory. For one, I still cannot think of mathematics as entirely a science; the two are fundamentally different in a very important aspect: in science we have to look at reality and then give explanations, usually enlisting the aid of mathematics as a coherent language in which to frame our explanations, but mathematics is done in many other situations beyond science. Pure mathematicians are sometimes proud to claim how useless their discoveries are. In science we experiment. We go into the â€Å"real world,† observe phenomena, go back to the drawing table, and try to explain these phenomena. Then we go back out to the world, see if we can predict a new phenomenon before it happens (when we can do that we usually say that we have discovered â€Å"a fundamental law of nature†), and either smugly rest for the day, or crawl back to the drawing table, slightly disappointed if our hypothesis did not work as we intended. This, in general, is what we call the â€Å"scientific method.† Mathematics is different. Though I do agree that mathematics is becoming an experimental discipline, particularly with the recent introduction of powerful calculating machines, it does not rely on these experiments in order to claim â€Å"Eureka! I have discovered a new truth!† Mathematics requires proof, and it’s very picky about what it considers proof to be. For a scientist, ten experiments with consistent results might constitute proof, â€Å"within experimental error.† For a mathematician, a googolplex of successful experiments is not enough proof. Instead, we rely on logic, and this thing we call â€Å"common sense,† fundamental logical rules we believe no one will dispute, very basic rules. Mathematics is very often inspired by nature, but it is a purely intellectual pursuit. It is just a bunch of ideas in our heads, like philosophy. Unlike most of philosophy, there is some â€Å"glue† to it all, some fundamental unity, something we call logic, reason, order. Pure abstract reasoning. That’s why I sometimes like to say that mathematics is applied philosophy. Philosophy under the influence of very specific rules. Then there’s the aesthetics of it. The capacity of mathematics to be an art. This is one of my favorite interpretations. The sheer simplistic beauty, the awe one can feel when one reads an entire proof and understands every aspect of it, when a surprising truth is found by unsurprising means; this is a very personal experience, I think. You really have to feel it in the flesh to understand it. That flash of understanding when a complex problem has been solved. That simple marvel of seeing many unrelated ideas congregates under a single roof o f logic and order. This is what spurs the most romantic of mathematicians to keep on trying to prove that ancient conjecture. Personally, as it turns out, I do not think that anyone will really know what math really is. There may be a myriad of ways of how math can be classified, whether it is an art, a science or a philosophy. There will always be opinions for and against each concept. But as for me, my heart solely believes that math can be absolutely any of the three concepts above. I feel that maybe there are many ignorant people who do not care enough to be open minded to the fact that mathematics may in fact be all three. Who knows, I may have an opinion that can be completely inaccurate, but it wouldn’t be an opinion if it could be proved wrong.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Economic welfare analysis in India Rubber Essay

Questions: (a) Using the concepts and diagrams outlined in our seminars, explain fully the impact on India’s economic welfare of access to the world market for natural rubber International trade provide the comparative advantage. All countries can be the beneficiaries when trade with one another, because trade allows each country to specialize in doing what it does best. However, the seller or buyer may be damaged from international trade because the world price may higher or lower than domestic balancing price, then it may impact on producer or consumer’s surplus and continue to change the countries’ economic welfare for this import or export market Before international trade, the participator of India’s natural rubber market only include domestic buyers and sellers, as the Figure a-1 shows, the domestic price is balancing between quantity supplied by domestic seller and the quantity demanded by domestic buyers, hence, the sum of the consumer and producer surplus which also called economic welfare in the equilibrium point measures the total benefits received by India’s rubber market from domestic consumer and domestic producer. In Figure a-1, without international trade, the sum of India’s economic welfare are the area A plus area B When accessing the world market for natural rubber, India’s economic welfare changes. Within the scenario, India is either an importing country or an exporting country, it import large amount of rubber and export were insignificant. Figure a-2 shows that India as an importing country of natural rubber. The diagram presents that India’s domestic equilibrium price of natural rubber, also named price before trade is above the world price. Trade force the  domestic price fall and equal to the world price, due to the lower new price (world price), the quantity of consumed domestically higher than the quantity of produced domestically and the import b India equal to the difference between the domestic quantity supplied and the domestic quantity demanded at the world price. In this situation, domestic buyers are better off due to them now can buy rubber in lower price. However, domestic producer are damaged because they sell the rubber now in lower price. Moreover, consumer surplus and producer surplus also change and the change size also measure the amount of gain or loss. Combine Figure a-1 and Figure a-2 to Table a-3 shows that before trade, consumer surplus is area A, producer surplus is area B+C, and total surplus is area A+B+C. After trade, the consumer surplus becomes area A+B+D and producer surplus only in area C and total surplus is area A+B+C+D. The calculation illustrate above show that, India’s buyers gain from trade in an importing country because consumer surplus area enlarged B+C. In spite of this, India’s sellers suffer loss because the producer surplus area decrease by area B. In any event, the gains of buyer exceed the losses of sellers, and total surplus grow by the area D As previous stated, when India access world market and import large amount of natural rubber, the consumer welfare, producer welfare and total economic welfare of natural rubber market changes respectively. However, the gains from international trade exceed the losses which means the increases could compensate the decreases and still be better off. As Table a-3 shows, the total surplus also can treat as total economic welfare rises in area D and it represents the gain from the trade. In other words, trade internationally make India better off no matter India is deemed to be the importing country or exporting country. (b) Illustrate on your diagram the effect of a 10% decrease in rubber in rubber production Price of natural rubber P2 P1 Quantity of natural rubber With the case scenario, in 2013-14, the output of India rubber decrease 10% over a year before, on an average but consumer power was almost steady during this period. It means that, the quantity of rubber demanded is stable however the quantity of rubber supplied decreased. Hence, with figure b-1, only supply curve shift and demand curve stay the same. Within Figure b-1, in FY 2012, the Demand curve and Supply curve move together and adjusted to the balance under market organization, the equilibrium on FY2012 as the diagram show was the initial balancing point. Furthermore, at initial equilibrium, the Q1 represents the price that these two curves cross and named as the initial equilibrium price, additionally, P1 called the initial equilibrium quantity. In the year 2013-14(FY2013), due to the decline quantity of rubber production, the supply curve moves and shifts to the left from Supply-I to Supply-II as Figure b-1 illustrated, it also means that at every price, the total amount of natural rubber that rubber producer are able to sell is decreased. Accordingly, Supply-II curve and demand curves intersect in the point of New equilibrium. P2 and Q2 represent the new equilibrium price and new equilibrium quantity respectively. Consequently, as Figure b-1 shows, the shift in the supply curve lead to the equilibrium price raises from P1 to P2 and lowers the equilibrium quantity  from Q1 to Q2. In conclusion, as the result of 10% decrease in rubber production, the price of domestic rubber increases and the quantity of rubber sold decreases, moreover the equilibrium point also shift up and left. (c) Describe fully the economic welfare effects of a significant import tariff in India An import tariff means the tax caused by production produced oversea and sold domestically. When illustrate Figure c-1 shows that, as an importing country, before import tariff, India domestic price falls and equals the world price. The consumer surplus was area A+B+D+E+F+G, and producer surplus refer to area C, at world price, the tax revenue that government earn is nothing. Furthermore, as indicated earlier, when India assess trade internationally, domestic sellers are suffer loss by world price and contrastingly, domestic buyer gain from global trade. Moreover, without tariff, the tax revenue government earned nothing and total economic welfare increased. However, when government concentrating attention on import tariff, the economic welfare changes. As Figure c-1 shows that, a tariff make the price of import rubber above the world price by amount of the tariff. When compete with suppliers of rubber imported, domestic producer now can sell their natural rubber for world price plus tariff. Hence, either domestic suppliers or imported suppliers increase the rubber price by the amount of tariff. Domestic seller and domestic buyer also change their surplus because import tariff raise the price of rubber, with figure c-1, the tariff reduce the domestic quantity demanded from Qd1 to Qd2 and increase the domestic quantity demanded from Qs1 to Qs2. It means import tariff decrease the quantity of imports and make rubber market closer to its initial equilibrium before trade internationally. Additionally, import tariff make domestic producer in better situation but domestic buyers suffer loss, and government earn tax revenue from tariff. When consider table c-2, and compare the consumer surplus and producer surplus change shows that, consumer surplus reduce the area of B+F+D+G, and producer surplus growth by area B. Furthermore, the government revenue equal to area F which is the quantity of after-tariff imports multiply by the size of tariff. Moreover, total surplus fall in area D+F that represents the deadweight loss1 of the tariff. Due to the tariff is a kind of tax, thus, it’s no doubtful that the tariff caused a deadweight loss. Because under the free trade, market power will make the resource disposition optimization, however, tariff will distorts market incentives and continue to affect market to allocate the resources inefficiently. In other words, trade internationally with tariff make India domestic price higher than before, hence, it gives producers an intensive to produce more and intensive buyers to consumer less. With Figure c-1, area D and G represents the deadweight loss from overproduction of rubbers and underconsumption respectively. Furthermore, tariff make the market shrink below optimum. In conclusion, trade internationally with import tariff in India natural market damage the buyers’ benefit and decrease the consumer surplus. On contrast, compare to world price, domestic suppliers gain from import tariff because they can charge rubber now in higher price, and the producer surplus raise up. Moreover, import tax revenue achieved by government. And, total economic welfare falls because market suffer deadweight loss caused by import tariff, in fact, due to tariff, India rubber market is distorted and smaller than before. Additionally, small market of import and large market of import may suffer different total surplus. i) Assuming India to be a small part of the global market for natural rubber If India as a small part of the global market for natural rubber, it means India has low power in import and the exporting suppliers are not pay more  attention in India rubber market, hence, India only can accept the world price as given but hardly to bargain the price of import, thus when a tariff is implemented by India, there no effect on world price, also as the exporting price. When analysis the effect on India rubber market if India as a small part of global rubber market, the supply curve of natural rubber in India can be treated as perfectly elastic supply and the supply curve is horizontal at the level of world price as Figure c-3 shows. With this circumstance, exporter want to export as much of the product to India in given world price. Now, when India take a tariff on imports, from table c-4 shows that, after tariff, the consumer surplus fall in area B&C and the producer surplus no changes. Government received tariff increases in area B and total surplus falls as indicated earlier, the loss part in table c-4 refer to area C which represent the underconsumption of domestic buyers. Hence, if India as a small part of global market for natural rubber, whenever it implements an import tariff, national welfare falls. And the higher tariff India sets, the large loss to Indian national economic welfare. Furthermore, domestic buyers may be the only part hurt by import tariff, because exporting rubber may be the only way they can buy for, and compare to producers oversea, domestic demand is more inelastic, thus, domestic buyer pay all the market loss caused by tariff. ii) Assuming India to be a large part of the global market for natural rubber Before tariff After tariff Change Consumer surplus A+B+L+E+F+I A+E -(B+F+L+I) Producer surplus C+D B+C+D +B Government NONE F+G +(F+G) Total surplus A+B+C+D+E+F+I+L A+B+C+D+E+F+G G-(L+I) Assuming India as a large part of global market for natural rubber means that, Indian’s imports a very large share of the world market. Large part of imports also means India has tremendous effect on world rubber demand, hence India may affect the world price. Furthermore, when a significant import tariff executed by Indian government, there will affect upon exporting price due to India has higher bargain power to its exporting countries, and India can ask the exporting countries to offer a price lower than world price of natural rubber to India, With the Figure c-5, assume that the P* is the price that exporting countries agreed export price and it lower than world price. Hence when illustrate Figure c-5 and summarized in table c-6 shows that, when India import large amount of rubber, the price of rubber import lower than world price, however, when an import tariff implemented, the domestic rubber price goes up and economic welfare changes. At the price of P*, the amount of rubber import equal to Qd2 minus Qs2, and with tariff, the rubber price rise up and the quantity demand reduce from Qd2 to Qd3, the quantity supplied grow from Qs2 to Qs3, moreover, the amount of import equal to Qd3 minus Qs3. Although the tax revenue still equal to the quantity rubber of imports times the size of the tariff, compare to small quantity of import, the tax revenue had been enlarged. Refer to Figure  c-5, area G represent the tax revenue enlargement. Obviously, when compare Indian economic welfare on world price and with import tariff, there is no doubt that, the consumer surplus fall and producer surplus increase, area L and I represent the deadweight loss from overproduction and underproduction of Indian natural rubber. Noteworthy that, government gain tax revenue by area G and F, and total surplus change by G-(L+I), it means that, if India implement a significant import tariff and make the area G big enough to exceed area L+I, Indian total economic welfare increased. In conclusion, if India as a large part of the global market for natural rubber, compare total economic welfare on world price and with the import tariff, the domestic consumer surplus decreased and producer surplus increase, it means domestic buyer and exporting suppliers share the market loss from import tariff. However, the government tax revenue enlarged when compared to small part of importing market and it worth noticed that, the total surplus different than normal and small market before, the figure equal to the tax enlargement minus the deadweight loss caused by tariff.. As we have seen, if the tax enlargement part large than the deadweight loss area, India as a large importing country will increase its economic welfare. Additionally, domestic buyer undertake large part of import tariff because they pay higher price on importing rubber and other part of tariff beard by foreign supplier, because they reduce the exporting price which means they earn less by each production. Hence, if the demand curve and supply curve more elastic or more flat, the domestic consumer for lesser in tariff. (d) Suppose the Minister for Trade has recently been requested to consider an import tariff, or quota, or other assistance to the domestic rubber industry. Provide the Minister with appropriate advice, based on your analysis. Dear Minister: Due to the annual statement of India domestic natural rubber market, the gap between domestic production and consumption of natural rubber increasing from FY 2012 to FY 2013. The growing gap fills by importing, and the price of world for natural rubber lower than at home which strike India domestic suppliers too. Hence, according to India domestic rubber depression, some tax policy should issue in order to stimulate domestic supply. You mention that now you consider an import tariff or quota to assistant to domestic rubber industry, please allow me to explain these different type of tax and wish I could help you to do the decision-making. First of all, as one part of global market, India as an importing country and accept the world price of natural rubber, in this circumstance, although domestic producer suffer loss, the domestic demander gain from global trade, furthermore, India total surplus increased which means trade globally enhance India’s total economic welfare. Then we talk about the changes when India take an import tariff or quota in international trade. Import tariff is a type of tax issued by government, however, tax increase the domestic price and continue to affect the supply-demand mechanism. Before tax, market allocates the scarced resource optimization and impose an import tariff makes market distortion and away from utilize resource optimum. Nevertheless, implement an import tariff may stimulate domestic producer, because tariff increase domestic rubber price and domestic supplier can compete with rubber suppliers oversea. The producer surplus raise up and the government achieves tax revenue from import size. But the cost of implementing tariff is that domestic consumer harm from the tax, and Indian total economic welfare of natural rubber decreased, because impose an tariff bring deadweight loss, which means the revenue increased would smaller than the losses, thus Indian economic welfare of natural rubber falls. An import quota implement the similar function with import tariff, with  figure below, the import quota also generate the deadweight losses which represented in area D and F, hence impose an quota also hurt the Indian total economic welfare of natural rubber. In conclusion, in the perspective of economics view, I think the most efficiency way is approve Indian trade internationally without import tariff or import quota. However, if the purpose is to assist India domestic rubber market and make incentives, impose an import tariff and quota may be required but the cost is harmful to domestic consumer and total economic welfare of India natural rubber. I wish my suggestions helpful to you to consider your new policy. Respectfully, 27-04-2014 REFERENCE: Mankiw, N. G., 2008. Principle of economics.Cengage Learning, p. 159.

Philosophy Questions Essay

Question One A causal claim, by definition, is a statement about the causes of things. Regular (non-causal) claims are considered to be any declarative statement. While the regular claim can simply be made about anything as long as it is a declaration, causal statements require a certain sense of cause and effect. Causal claims examine the complex processes in which people, forces, events, and other things interact to cause certain phenomena. Causal claims rarely are proven due to the different things that may happen to cause things. Feedback: I agree with the answer because causal claims are definitively hard to prove. It depends on how you look at the event in question. Impartiality is a virtue when exploring causal claims and is often hard to keep when personally involved in the matter. Question Two A real life example of common thread reasoning in advertising is Listerine. Listerine is a mouthwash that claims to kill more germs than any other leading mouthwash. In actuality, mouthwash does not actually kill germs and the rate of germs killed does not meet FDA standards for antiseptics. The common thread would be that all mouthwashes claim to kill germs and they really do not. Most of them also claim they are antiseptics when they do not meet current FDA standards. Feedback: Listerine is a mouthwash which makes false claims as does many mouthwash companies. The common theme among these companies is their determination to market a product with falsehoods. If all of these companies make false claim, then what are they to be called?

Monday, July 29, 2019

What did being an American mean to Douglass and what did he do to mold Essay

What did being an American mean to Douglass and what did he do to mold himself into an American - Essay Example For him America was a nation with great potentiality and it was hindered by slavery and racism. The black females were tortured and abused by white masters which were not an ideal characteristic of an American citizen according to Douglass. The American need not harm others to achieve any benefit. Being an American means giving justice to all and working towards goodness of others. According to Douglass, mutual co – operation and harmony were qualities an American need to possess. He thought being an American means to fight against slavery and suppression. Being an American means to have good education and knowledge. As per (Douglass) â€Å"Once you learn to read, you will be forever free.† Being American means having freedom to live learn and work. For Douglass, an American needs to see each other as a part of a family and care for each other. An American needs to struggle in order to progress. The moral and physical struggle should be an identity of a true American. According to ( Douglass) â€Å" If there is not struggle there is no progress† America being a Christian dominant country needs to work towards a peaceful and impartial society. He wants an American where there is no corruption, slavery, women – abusing, hypocrisy and impartiality. For him an American means one with justice, prosperity, knowledge and equality. For Douglass being an American means to fight for justice, liberty, truth and humanity. To be an American one need to reform the existing evils in the country. He wanted to be an American who could make political changes in the country and abolish slavery. An American would be one who advocates for the right of every man and woman. The first step taken by Douglass to mold to be an American was to get educated. Education made him knowledgeable and confident. To become a true American he resisted slavery and racism. He stood for himself and his race and fought for

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Poverty and Social Exclusion of Refugees and Asylum Seekers Essay

Poverty and Social Exclusion of Refugees and Asylum Seekers - Essay Example This discussion is on the poverty and social exclusion of refugees and asylum seekers in United Kingdom. The refugees and the asylum seekers is the community of those human beings which has migrated from their home land and settle down in some another country. Poverty and social exclusion is the major problem among these people. Before actually discussing about the problem of the poverty and social exclusion lets discuss about the term poverty and social exclusion. Poverty can be defined in the following way. Poverty researchers commonly define poverty â€Å"as having insufficient resources to meet socially recognized needs and to participate in the wider society. Other definition is set up by UK government is that poverty means ‘lack of income and access to good quality health, education and housing, and the quality of local environment’   Thus in UK the person is called poor if his total income is less than 60% of the national average. The term poverty is divided in to two different categories, first is pathological poverty and second is structural poverty. Pathological poverty is that type of poverty which has to face the person because of his characteristic or his attitude and his approach. If the person is not able to grasp any skill necessary for employment or if he or she has chosen some wrong path in the life he has to face poverty. Pathological poverty is individual oriented and it is totally individual and not the society who is responsible for the poverty. Structural poverty is that types of poverty in which the social factors are responsible for the poverty of the people. It is the poverty of the entire community and not a particular person.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

San Francisco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

San Francisco - Research Paper Example the dimension of natural beauty and steady lifestyle has been a lucrative advantage to visitors who prefer spending vacations or organising events in this city. Understanding these appraisals in the global forefront, the government of California has also been taking credible measures to support the growth in San Francisco. The paper focuses on the different aspects of the city located at the lap of the marshland, giving an overview of the different travel destinations within the periphery of San Francisco. A complete detailing has been provided in the content of this paper, on the various travel modes and the accommodation facilities available in the port city. San Francisco is positioned on a beautiful geographical location, having sea on one side and mountains on the other. The beautiful city hosting a number of activities, acts as an attraction to adventure lovers as well as nature lovers. Being the financial hub for Northern California, the city has also got its fame of being the financial hub of the state, which attracts a number of entrepreneurs and business heads to take interest of holding meetings here, boosting its Meetings, Expositions, Events & Conventions (MEEC) industry (U.S. News Travel, â€Å"Best Things to do in San Francisco†). The city also holds the competency to host a variety of tourist groups ranging from vocational tourists visiting the city to eco-tourists having special interests in wildlife and marine life. For instance, the city offers splendid natural beauty through its national parks, among which, Yosemite national park, the Point Reyes national seashore and the Golden Gate National Recreation Area (GGN RA) are world famous and attract millions of visitors round the year (Morton, â€Å"Top 10 national parks in California†). In 3000 BC, the Europeans arrived at the California coast, when the area was inhabited by the ‘Ohlone’ speaking ‘Yelamu’ tribes. Later on, Juan Bautiza de Anza trooped in from north and established a

Friday, July 26, 2019

Geriatric Nursing Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Geriatric Nursing Care - Essay Example Currently he has cellulitis and resultant wounds in the lower portion of both legs is causing severe pain for, which he is being administered Panadol Elixir in six divided doses in a period of 24 hours. Paracetamol is the chosen pharmacological agent for this patient due to his advanced age and likely occurrence of adverse effects if other pain relieving agents such as non steroid anti inflammatory drugs or opiod analgesics were used.The affected leg is kept raised to reduce the discomfort and the wound is dressed daily. The patient is however afebrile, has a blood pressure of 140/95, respiration rate (RR) of 20-37 and a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute at the latest reading. His health parameters have consistently stayed at this level and are normal for a person at this age. However, as the patient has been a regular smoker with established diagnosis of COPD, he needs special care and oxygen therapy as and when required. History of a severe shingles attack shows that the immun ity status is compromised and the patient needs to be kept away from any sources of infection, as his immune system may not be able to cope up with a fresh infection. The patient has already tested positive for methicillin resistant staphylococcus (MRSA) infection and has been treated for the same. Assessment of a patient is the most crucial step which determines the future course of action by a nursing practitioner. Assessment has been defined as the process of collecting, validating and clustering patient data in order to arrive at a broader picture which defines the future course of action (Dillon, 2007). It does not stop at the initial examination of the patient and perusal of... This paper approves that the best method of chronic pain alleviation is however definitely the pharmacologic approach and the choice of the pharmacological agent should be through proper evaluation of the nature of injury, the type of pain and the physical/psychological characteristics of the patient. Drug dosage needs to be closely monitored and modified according to individual requirements with constant monitoring and careful observation. A holistic approach includes usage of non-pharmacological modalities such as physiotherapy and behavioral therapies. This essay makes a conclusion that the actual problems afflicting the client are cellulitis, inability to breathe spontaneously, inability to take food on his own, festering wounds beneath the knees on both legs and general debility associated with old age. The contributing factors include excessive smoking in the past that resulted in COPD, history of testing positive for MRSA infection and hypertension. The prognosis for the patient is grave, as the presented co morbidities are difficult to treat at such an advanced stage of his life. Healing processes are slowed down during old age and the lack of immunity makes such patients susceptible to fresh infections. The initial therapeutic endeavor should be aimed at healing the wounds after which pulmonary rehabilitation can be tried. If the patient is able to overcome these hurdles, the PEG tube can be removed after he gains and strength and acquires the capability to eat normally and carry out his daily activities independently. He nee ds constant nursing care and psychological support until the therapeutic goals are achieved.

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Peer-reviewed journal article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peer-reviewed journal article - Essay Example In this study, the authors predict that exercise-induced arterial hypertension might portend negative influences on the athlete’s cardiac function, while it might also play a significant role in the exercise induced cardiac fatigue. There is a significant association between endurance sport and cardiac injury, where long-term training could result in myocardial fibrosis, arterial fibrillation, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac arrest (Leischik et al., 2014). The authors selected a sample of (n=51) male triathletes who had either completed the long distance Ironman triathlon (n=34) or the middle distance Ironman triathlon (n=17). The participants were also selected on the basis of having completed two years of training. The study used spiroergometry and echocardiography in determining the steady state blood pressure, anaerobic/aerobic thresholds, and the left ventricular mass of the selected participants (Leischik et al., 2014). The probability of hypertrophy and elevated blood pressure among the participants were calculated using odds ration analysis. Each triathlete was assessed in 2011 and 2012 using echocardiography and spiroergometry in succession. The spiroergometry involved a phased stress test after successful volume and gas calibration between the phases. The echocardiographic analysis was conducted using the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for muscle mass and the modified Simpson method for ESV and EDV (Lei schik et al., 2014). The authors actually found that myocardial hypertrophy is dependent on exercise-induced arterial hypertension, confirming that there was a hypertensive response in athletes as a result of exercise. The athletes with exercise-induced arterial hypertension also showed increased left ventricular mass at 205g/m2, especially in comparison to athletes without exaggerated response in BP to exercise who had a left ventricular mass of 143g/m2 (Leischik et al, 2014). In addition, the findings also show that systolic

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example 2014). Management with consideration of communication will provide feedback in surveys, giving ideas in the organization. Sharing of information in an organization also ensures that the objectives of the organization are met, as communication will lead to coordination of activities. Strategic management involves innovation in activities that an organization carries out. Management strategies may involve development of a new product or rendering a new service. Innovation will involve putting groups together to work in development of major initiatives and giving out resources to ensure that the innovative objectives are met. Strategic management should involve trying out something that is new even with the risks that are involved. Management of projects is also a critical element through which management should be able to identify projects that ensures success in achieving all strategies. The other aspect of project management is development of priorities of all the elements to ensure that there is success in achieving objectives of management (Gerry et al. 2014). Project management will also ensure that employees understand strategies of the organization. Organization structure is an essential factor in strategic management. Organization cultures are the attitudes that are held by an organization and behavior that employees in the organization portray. Organization cultures are always unique and diverse due to personality. Managers are to understand the culture to ensure that planning that is put in place is in line with culture of the organization (Gerry et al. 2014). Cultures that are considered are those on belief in change by employees and values that employees hold. Strategic management in an organization requires consideration of these aspects. Engagement of employees at all levels, communication to employees, innovation in an organization, creation of

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Mans Search for Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mans Search for Meaning - Essay Example This book revealed what human beings are capable of (when) placed under enormous strain and are forced to deal with circumstances most people never have to endure. I believe that under normal circumstances these individuals would have felt that they had certain limitations on their abilities in dealing with difficult circumstances such as these, until they were placed in a situation where their actions depended on their very existence and survival. I found it fascinating that these prisoners had different ways of dealing with their life altering events. They took notice of the beauty of the land around them, they admired the sunset. They gazed at nature as if it were a piece of art.(could you recombine these three sentences into one, better flowing sentence) Humor was another way they would get through their difficult days. The prisoners would often discuss rumors about the military actions taking place. Although these were mostly rumor it gave them hope and a reason for not giving u p. Some of them turned to religion as a way to cope with their difficult days as prisoners. ... These individuals repeatedly beat the prisoners and treated them as inferior in an effort to gain the trust of their captors in return for preferential treatment. They would try anything to help them forget their current circumstances. At one point in the book the author mentioned that the man sleeping next to him was having a nightmare. He thought about attempting to wake him but decided that any nightmare could never be worse than the reality so he let him sleep. This statement was really made me understand the difficulties these men faced on a daily basis. It would have been very easy for many of these prisoners to end their lives and stop the pain, but the desire to survive in hopes that they would be liberated overrode and(is this the word you want) desire to do so. The horrors that these individuals witnessed in a normal society were appalling. It is interesting of how the human mind works and these atrocities actually became an everyday part of life. When individuals died they would take their possessions in an attempt to upgrade their clothing, shoes. (do you think you could clean this paragraph up a little bit) The guards did everything they could to break the spirits of every individual imprisoned in these camps. They did not refer to them by name, only by the numbers tattooed on their bodied and sewn into their clothes. The German soldiers took all possessions away and beat and tortured them in an effort to make them feel sub-human. The soldiers also referred to them as pigs which this was another means of de-humanizing them. The author mentioned the times when they would have to make decisions that may decide your(their) fate. One example was when he had to make a decision to either stay at the camp where he was located or join others

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Pepsi vs coca in india case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pepsi vs coca in india case - Essay Example Coca-Cola reentered India in the early 1990s when the Indian government adopted the policy of liberalization, privatization and globalization. By that time, PepsiCo had already acquired 26 percent of the cola segment. Coca-Cola could not eat into the market share of existing players as the beverage market was in the growth phase. PepsiCo has been actively strengthening its non-cola portfolio in India. The company has diversified into the lemon and orange segment of carbonated drinks and has also launched its brand of juices. PepsiCo garners one-fourth of its revenue from the non-cola segment and is well poised to capitalize on the consumers changing tastes and preferences. One the other hand, Coca-Cola’s flagship brands; Coke and Thums Up are cola drinks. PepsiCo has also launched its Aquafina brand of bottled mineral water in India. The company has captured a significant market share in the bottled water market which is expected to grow steadily in the future. The vast product array of PepsiCo also includes Gatorade, a well established international sports drink brand. The growing health consciousness amongst Indian consumers is likely to help Gatorade gain further traction in the Indian market. The emergence of sports and exercises in the daily regimen of Indian consumers bodes well for PepsiCo. PepsiCo uses appropriate advertising and sales promotion tactics keeping in mind the Indian culture. Sponsorship of cricket and football tournaments and celebrity endorsements has struck the right chord with PepsiCo’s target market in

Monday, July 22, 2019

Wetland And Water Environment Essay Example for Free

Wetland And Water Environment Essay Introduction Ecological restoration has been proven to be a very difficult and yet an extremely valuable undertaking. It is one of the major problems faced by every country in the world for it is the key to Mother Earth’s struggle for survival. Restoration pertains to the reestablishment and replenishment of natural wetland systems to be once more suitable for wetland creatures as their habitat. But, what wetland ecosystems are we pertaining to? What type of wetland ecosystem do we plan to target and why? Is it enough to establish any type of wetland ecosystem and be called â€Å"restoration†? As stated by Lovette (et al. , 2002), Australias enthusiasm for restoring and rehabilitating rivers and streams is growing at a fair rate yet most of the time, such projects fail to produce the desired results of improvement. This is due to the fact that these projects lack planning resulting to poorly defined project objectives and rehabilitation strategies. In addition to this matter, many social and political factors rather than a lack of technical skills were often major factors influencing the success of river restoration projects. Ecologists and restorationists took these questions in account and had included them as definitions of restoration and restoration-type activities. A simple yet very nifty definition of ecological restoration included in the 1992 report Restoration of Aquatics Ecosystems by the National Research Council (NRC), defined restoration as the â€Å"return of an ecosystem to a close approximation of its condition prior to disturbance.† The NRC declares that the concept of restoration to be further clarified by defining many types of restoration-related activities. Creation, reallocation, and enhancement are such activities that are similar to restoration, but vary in some aspect from rehabilitation of the original ecosystem to areas they once existed. Reintroduction of animals is also a major factor of restoration that must be taken in account.   The mere recreation of form without the specific function is not the essence of restoration, nor is having the function in the artificial pattern without even a close similitude to the real thing. The goal of restoration is to produce a natural, self-regulating ecosystem that functions perfectly with the landscape and conditions in which it occurs. Body   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To have a deeper understanding in the field of ecological restoration, let us first define terms that are used in the field of ecological restoration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Creation is defined as the construction of a wetland in an area that was not a wetland in the recent past (within the last 100-200 years) and that is isolated from existing wetlands (i.e., not directly adjacent) (Gwin, et al., 1999). In other words, creation occurs when a wetland is placed on the landscape by some human activity on a non-wetland site (Lewis, 1989). Normally, creation of a wetland in plot of land starts by digging out upland soils to an appropriate elevation suitable for the growth of wetland species by a proper hydrological pattern. Enhancement, as defined by Gwin, et al. (1999) is â€Å"the modification of specific structural features of an existing wetland to increase one or more functions based on management objectives, typically done by modifying site elevations or the proportion of open water. Although this term implies gain or improvement, a positive change in one wetland function may negatively affect other wetland functions. Enhancement may also be the alteration of a site to produce conditions that did not previously exist in order to accentuate one or more values of a site. For example, increasing the area of deep water by excavating parts of an emergent wetland may provide more duck habitat (the desired wetland value), but may decrease foraging and cover habitat for young fish (Lewis 1989). The term reallocation replacement pertains to altering or converting existing wetlands to create a different type of wetland. For example, transforming a developing wetland, like a swamp, to a pond will convert the habitat from one wetland type to a different type. A term commonly used during discussions of restoration is mitigation, which â€Å"refers to the restoration, creation, or enhancement of wetlands to compensate for permitted wetland losses (Lewis, 1989). It is stated in under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act that â€Å"wetlands may legally be destroyed, but their loss must be compensated for by the restoration, creation, or enhancement of other wetlands. Hypothetically, the policy aims retain the wetland’s quality. The Watershed Ecology Team if Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds have devised a list of principles which played a critical role to the success of a wide range of aquatic resource restoration programs and projects. These principles are applicable through the different stages in the process of wetland restoration and focus on scientific and technical issues. Nevertheless, in all environmental and ecological management activities, it is crucial to examine community perspectives and values. There are a lot of guiding principles that ecologists follow in the field of wetland and river restoration. Given below are some doctrines that may help in the restoration of the rivers in Western Australia, namely the Hutt, Greenough, and Chapman River. The common dilemma faced by these rivers is erosion of soil along their banks. This is due to the lack of vegetation to hold the soil in place. Because of this catastrophe, a number of the wild life, like birds nesting on the trees or the fishes in the river, is threatened to loose obtain damage to their habitat. The Chapman River Estuary, though a popular place, due to the lack of management, has degraded. Several erosions has occurred, weeds are numerous among the vegetation, and wildlife have been frequently disturbed. Restoration of these rivers considers several, yet not too costly stages. The first stage of the Greenough River Restoration Project cost approximately $11,000 while the second stage of the Greenough River Restoration Project needed a total funding of about $68,000 through Trust Funding. The Chapman River Foreshore Restoration Project at the Nanson Hamlet in Chapman Valley adhered principles which is slowly revitalizing the landscape, cost around $18,000. The purpose of the Hutt River Floodplain Management Plan (HRFMP) is to update the Advisory Committee on their status, investigations and implementation (ATAPATTU, 2001). A clear concept of the projects goals, objectives, performance, and desired outcome is a critical part in the success of the restoration project for it gives a vivid look on how the scheme should run. One principle, â€Å"Preserve and protect aquatic resources†, explains that existing ecosystems are critical in the conservation of biodiversity, and supply the weakened system with the necessary materials. Restoration, together with protection and preservation, can improve wetland systems in an immense level. In this principle, the first step to secure the revitalization of a system is to prevent further depletion (USEPA, 2006). According to Palmer (2005), five relevant features should be brought to mind during river restoration. They are a guiding image – by creating a vision of you goals and ideas, you have a concrete image of your desired outcome; improvement of ecosystems – by adding functionality to the factors in the ecosystem, you will have positive results that the environment supplies; increase in resilience – by generating flexible products that can recover when damaged, or surpass other products; doing no lasting harm – actions done in restoration should not give an ill effect to the surrounding countryside, and have a long-lasting positive effect on the target location; and completion of an ecological assessment – provide a written clearly defined results on the project (McGee, 2005). Restoration of natural structure and function plays a major role in the restoration of natural wetlands. In the recreation of a natural habitat, its structure must be deeply studied for if a flaw in the system occurs, the whole project could further damage the area or the surrounding terrain. The function should, as much as possible, be close to the existing system’s function to instill balance (USEPA, 2006). Conclusion and Recommendation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though there are quite a number of principles and guidelines that ecologists use in there quest to restore and revitalize denuded wetlands in the globe, these principles come together and express common guides to the success of rejuvenating the wetland system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first step is to clearly plan the project focusing on critical points that will ensure the accomplishment of the activity. Next is to mobilize the design, in which requires funds, in a procedure that won’t disturb or harm the surrounding areas. It must be ensured that the outcome of the project will be, as much as possible, like the former wetland system, to avoid further damage to the environment rather than to revitalize the land. And lastly, there should be a constant maintenance and management in the area to preserve the beauty and functionality of the structured landscape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By following these few principles in the reconstruction of denuded wastelands, the future of the wetlands and rivers of Australia, and also the world, will be brighter. References USEPA.(2006). Definitions distinctions. Retrieved September 24, 2006, from River Corridor and Wetland Restoration Web site: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/restore/defs.html#Defs ______. (2002) Greenough. Retrieved September 24, 2006, from Westernbelle Australian Adventures Web site: http://www.westernbelle.com/gren.html ______. (2002) Hutt river province. Retrieved September 24, 2006, from Principality of hutt river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Web site: http://www.westernbelle.com/H.HTML#huttriver Blacklow et. al, (2001). River restoration and management in australia: a national framework for vocational education and training and graduate studies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 25, 2006 Web site: http://www.rivers.gov.au/acrobat/uwa26/uwa26final.pdf#search=river%20restoration%20western%20australia McGee, T. (2005). Guiding principles for river restoration and sustainable product design. Retrieved September 25, 2006, from Treehugger Web site: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/04/guiding_princip.php ______. (2005). Evaluation sourcebook. Retrieved September 25, 2006, from Ecosystem Management Initiative Website:http://www.snre.umich.edu/ecomgt/pubs/wetlands/hennepin/2.4.PDF#search=river%20wetland%20restoration%20principles Peck, D. (2003). Resolution VIII.16 on wetland restoration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 25, 2006, from the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Web site:http://ramsar.org/res/key_res_viii_16_e.htm ______. 2002-2003 Australian government envirofund projects western australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 25, 2006, from National Heritage Trust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Web site:http://www.nht.gov.au/envirofund/2002-2003/general/wa-projects.html Atapattu, D. (2001). Hutt river floodplain management plan (hrfmp): project leader’s report.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 25, 2006, from the Regional Council Web site:http://www.gw.govt.nz/council-reports/pdfs/reportdocs/2001_110_1_Report.pdf#search=hutt%20river%20restoration%20project _____. 2001-2002 Coastcare projects: Western australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 25, 2006, from National Heritage Trust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Web site:http://www.nht.gov.au/nht1/programs/coastcare/wa-01-02.html#45 ______. (2006). Fact sheet 9 planning for river restoration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved September 25, 2006, from River Landscapes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Web site:http://www.rivers.gov.au/manage/is9planning.htm

Sunday, July 21, 2019

How and why do women and men speak differently?

How and why do women and men speak differently? Task: How and why do women and men speak differently? What explanations do different approaches in Sociolinguistics provide for the differences in language use by them? Which of these approaches do you agree with and why? In recent years, the assertion that women and men typically employ different speech style is pursued in a wide range of studies. Also, different sociolinguistics approaches such as variationist sociolinguistic, interactional sociolinguistic and ethnography of communication have put forward different explanations regarding this issue. Following by that, three approaches of language and gender have been also proposed by Jennifer Coates in her book â€Å"Women, Men and Language† (1986), which are the deficit approach, the dominance approach and the cultural difference approach to clarify this issue. Firstly,variationist sociolinguistics explains that different social conditions, for example different ages, genders, social classes and identities of interlocutors may discover different patterns of speech style. In this manner, it is suggested that the deficit approach which is proposed by Coates (1986) has followed the variationist sociolinguistic approach as deficit approach explains that the social status and identities of women have affected their speech style. According to Coates (1986), deficit is an approach established by Lakoff (1975). Robin Lakoffs (1975) influential exploratory essay, Language and Womans Place, about the ways womens speech differs from mens suggests that women are disadvantaged relative to men by a commonly inferior, less forceful â€Å"womens language† which they learn through socialisation. Also, she emphasises various female forms and styles conveying weakness, uncertainty, and unimportance. For instance, Lakoff argues that tag questions (1975: 16) and hedges (1975:54) are always used by women where they were unwilling to state a proposition directly. Indeed, her claims have been proven through a research carried out by Michael et. al. (2010) which determines the differences in conversational styles of men and women in Malaysia. The research points up that Malaysian women used more questions and hedges in their speech than men in order to keep the conversation going (Fishman, 1980; cited in Michael et. al., 2010). In this way, a psychological explanation given by Lakoff (1975) to womens usage of questions and hedges is due to the nature of womens secondary status, which is their sense of inferiority. She states that women feel unsecure of themselves because they have been taught to express themselves in â€Å"womens language†, which abounds in markers of uncertainty. Correspondingly, in Penelope Browns study of mens and womens speech patterns in a Mayan community in Mexico (1980), she found that a frequent correlation between higher status and the male sex affects the speech of men from that of women. She established that women in the Mayan community used the extremes of politeness, while men spoke more ‘matter-of-factly (Brown, 1980). Therefore, Brown (1980) relates these findings to the powerlessness social position of women in Mayan community as well, such as their vulnerability in relation to men and their need to protect their reputations. Hence, it seems reasonable to predict that women in general will speak more formally and more politely, since women are culturally referred to a secondary status relative to men and a higher level of politeness is expected from inferiors to superiors. Regarding to the same issue, other variationist explanations are given through Trudgills and Labovs researches. Trudgill claims that women typically hypercorrect where they speak more formally, using a higher proportion of prestige forms than men do in order to strive for social advancements. Likewise, Labov (1966; 312-495) found that at each socioeconomic level, except the very lowest, employ the same pattern. For example, in the description of Labovs investigations in New York City (1966), English speakers in New York sometimes pronounce the /r/ sound in words like ‘car, ‘floor and ‘fourth, and at other times they omit it. Beyond the finding that all speakers fluctuate between the inclusion and omission of /r/, Labov shows that speakers from a high socioeconomic level tend to pronounce /r/ relatively often. However, /r/ inclusion is more frequent in the speech of lower middle class women where they pay much careful attention in their speech. They use the upper mid dle class or the upper class as their reference as their accent has higher prestige and their own vernacular forms do not appear as often in casual speech (Labov, 1966). Besides, Labov (1966) suggests that the more formal a context of speech becomes, the more will the lower middle class women adopt the features of the higher class and will even overtake the rate of the upper class in the most formal style. Furthermore, Fischer (1958; cited in Angle Hesse-Biber, 1981) also found that women were more probable than men to prefer the standard gerundive suffix -ing to the more informal -in. In relation to Labov (1966), hypercorrection of the middle class women is associated with a relatively high level of linguistic insecurity as their extreme attention to external standards can be coupled with the weaker economic base of women, their relative powerlessness, and the oppressive nature of social stratification. In contrast, the tendency of men to actually lower the status level of their s peech is seen as evidence that men have a covert norm of prestige that runs contrary to that assigning prestige to the standard forms. Secondly, ethnography of communication approach which is used as a mean to study the interactions among members of a particular speech community which has a specific culture could be used to explain the differences in speech style of men and women as well. This is because speech communities create and establish their own speaking codes or norms (Philipsen, 1975). Essentially, the dominance approach with is suggested by Coates (1986) could be associated with ethnography of communication as well, as male dominance is always one of the factors or cultures of some speech communities that affects mens and womens speech style. One of the examples from which dominance approach is applied is in Korea, which the country social structure consists of a royal monarch, a patriarchically dominated family system that emphasises the maintenance of family lines (Cho, 2006). Also, this structure has tended to separate roles of women from those of men. Therefore, Cho claims that Korean women are seen a s the powerless and subordinate group whose difference speech style is resulted from male supremacy. An example of male dominance in Korean society illustrated by Cho (2006) is, a married Korean woman will rarely introduce herself to others with her own name, but habitually calls herself someones mother or wife, even though she has a profession. One might also explain this in terms of the dominance model, where female uses a term that identifies her relationship to husband, either as a mother or a wife, to show her subordination to her husband. Conversely, male uses his own name to offer himself with an individual identity. Next, interactionist sociolinguistics approach is mainly interested in what language use can tell about social processes. Besides, it asserts that environmental factors are more dominant in language acquisition. In other words, interactionist approach places the importance on home and cultural environment in language learning. Thus, this approach is followed by Deborah Tannens (1990, 1992) cultural differences approach when she describes communication between men and women as â€Å"cross-cultural communication†. She (1992:109) asserts that cultural differences between men and women including diverse expectations about the gender role of talk in relationships and how they have to achieve that role. Tannen (1990) outlines, speech styles begin to established in childhood and continue through adulthood. She believes that women and men have dissimilar pass experiences. Boys and girls grow up in different cultural environment. They travel in different worlds and adapt to different c ultures, reinforcing patterns established in childhood. In order to elaborate on speech styles, Tannen (1990:77) depicts that most men are very quiet at home, but will freely talk up in public and participate in discussion groups. Basically, they use a reporting communication style, to preserve independence as well as negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order. Also, men avoid small talk. Conversely, women have a rapport communications establishing connections, negotiating relationships and enjoying private conversations (Tannen, 1990). They do most of the talking in private conversations such as when they are at home. However, when in a public occasions, women are not as comfortable in voicing their views. In this manner, Tannen (1990) asserts that men are more concerned with status and independence whereas women prefer connection and intimacy. She considers that these cultural differences can give women and men a different perception at the same situation and the refore they employ different speech styles. In my viewpoint, I believe that there is a truth in the claim of interactionist approach, and I think that this approach has best described the language and gender issues. As what has been claimed by Tannen (1990), I agree that men and women come from different sociolinguistic subcultures would have different conceptions of friendly conversation, different rules for engaging in it, and different rules for interpreting it. Hence, cultural differences approach which follows interactionist approach has evidently described that cultural differences will truly impose a number of differences in speech style between men and women. Nevertheless, my point here is that cultural differences alone cannot sufficiently clarify the whole pattern of language difference. In fact, deficit approach and dominance approach may make some contribution even though there would be some biasness or stereotypes included in these approaches. This is because there is a clear pattern for language style shown by di fferent linguists over the years, which correlated with men to be that of power and dominance, and that associated with women to be that of powerlessness and submissiveness (e.g. Lakoff, 1975). To summarise, gender different in patterns and styles of communication should be viewed as a complex issue where there are many approaches and factors involved in it. Individuals would not use one form of speech style in all occasions and with all people. They would consider various factors and decide on different communicative strategies to transmit meaning correctly and effectively. Effect of Mineral Deficiency on Plants | Experiment Effect of Mineral Deficiency on Plants | Experiment This will affect both germinating seedlings and growing plants. Different concentrations of CO2 can cause plants to grow at different rates. Plants need CO2 in the air in to respire in the same way, as we need oxygen. Without it they would not be able to create energy so they couldnt grow. The problem with trying to monitor the affects that different amounts of CO2 would have on the cress seed is that it is hard to control the level of CO2. In school we do not have the equipment. Amount of water in the soil (assuming that it is grown in soil): This will affect both germinating seedlings growing plants. Plants need water for the transportation of different molecules such as glucose. It is essential for growth. They do this by osmosis. With out water they would dry out die. Water also makes germination easier because it softens the shell. Amount of light (Intensity, wavelength): Only growing plants need light in order to grow. Seeds dont need light because they are usually under ground when they germinate. Plants need light because this is how they get food. The sunlight gets trapped in the plants leaves by chloroplast cells and turned into energy. The reaction by which this takes place is called photosynthesis. The equation for this reaction is 6CO2 +6 H2O = 6O2 + C6H12O6 Sunlight is not only vital for the plants growth but also vital for us because without light all plants would die meaning no oxygen in the air. Different wavelengths reflect off the leaves, only certain wavelengths get absorbed. Competition: Competition can affect germinating seedlings and growing plants. Competition is caused by a dense population of animals or plants in the same area competing for the same resources. The more competition there is then the less the plants will grow. This is because the minerals, nutrients and sunlight (in plants case) have to be spread out more thinly or shared out amongst a higher number of plants. In some cases plants will die due to a lack of nutrition. PH: Can also affect both germinating seedlings and growing plants. Cress needs a neutral PH level to grow at their best. Some plants like camellia can grow in acidic soil because they have adapted to the soil over many years. Some plants like herbs benefit from alkaline soil. Different plants grow best in different soils. Minerals/nutrients: Minerals and nutrients are essential because they are needed as energy. They are absorbed with water through the roots by osmosis. They are then transported by the xylem up around the plant. Different nutrients are needed for different uses e.g. Iron for strengthening the stem. The factor that I wish to investigate is how different minerals affect the germination and growth of plants. The aim The aim of my experiment is to see how 3 different solutions lacking 3 different minerals affect the growth and the germination of a plant. The different solutions I am going to use are: Lacking Nitrogen Lacking Sulphur Lacking Magnesium I am also going to have a control test, which has all the nutrients a plant would have in normal soil. This is so I can compare the experiments to it allowing me to see what changes the absence of the minerals has. The Method To do this I am going to have 4 different petri dishes, 1 for each solution. In each dish there will be 4 different sections each containing 5 seedlings. The reason I am doing this is to make it a fair test. By having 4 different sections I am essentially I am repeating the experiment 4 times. Every day I will water the cress seeds using their own solutions. To create the appropriate solutions I did a pre-test using a replicate of my actual experiment and to I watered the 20 cress seeds over a week. I used a normal Sachs solution to water them. Form the experiment I found that 1.5 ml cubed for each section was to little because although the seedlings germinated the plants did not grow very quickly. I decided to use 2ml cubed for each section. The solutions I made were 1/3 Sachs and 2/3s water. This is a diagram of my experiment. It shows the 4 different petri dishes. In order to be able to monitor the cress I will draw up a table. For each day that I water the cress I will observe: How many seeds have germinated, The height of the seedlings, No. Of leaves on seedling, And any other observations. All this will do is make it easier to analyse my results. Prediction I predict that nitrogen is going to have the most devastating effect on the germination and growth of a plant. The reason I think this is because it converts sugars made by photosynthesis into protein. Protein is needed for growth. I think that they will be short and have yellowing leaves due to facts from my research. Research Mineral Used in Deficiency Magnesium Chloroplast Yellow leaves Nitrogen Chlorophyll cells and Amino acids Reduction in growth and yellow leaves Sulphur Amino acids and proteins Reduction in growth and yellowing leaves Fair test To get my results I watered my plants over a period of 2 weeks. An important aspect of my test was getting reliable results. This will help me to me evaluate my experiment fairly. To make my test as fair as possible I made sure all of my petri dishes were in the same conditions as each other. This meant that any effects could only be caused by the factor that I am experimenting with. We watered them all as regularly as each other, placed tem all in the same spot, made sure that they were all in the same temperature, light etc. I must also take into consideration the fact that anomalies could occur in my results or some of the effects could be caused by natural causes. For example the heaters in school could stop running, some seeds may be infertile or there could be an abnormally cold or hot day. Conclusion/evaluation Overall I think that the lack of nitrogen in the solution has not caused much difference to the growth and germination to the seedlings. I expected them not to grow as tall as the any of the others, to have yellow leaves and only a few of them to have germinated. The first thing that I noticed about my results was that they contradicted my prediction. The seedlings lacking Nitrogen were the fastest to germinate (this includes the control). I found this strange because Nitrogen is the most vital nutrient of the three we experimented with. Judging by the results I have collected it seems that plants do not need Nitrogen to germinate but it is needed for growth because the seedlings in the Nitrogen solution are described as yellow leaved and short. I can see this because the seeds that lack nitrogen germinate more quickly than the seeds in the control test. I also noticed that the seedlings in the solution that lacked magnesium ended up with the darkest leaves. My research shows that a sign of a plant with a magnesium deficiency has yellow leaves. The cress seeds in my experiment that are in a solution that lacks magnesium have the darkest leaves. This could be caused because the plants found that the Sulphur in the solution counter acted the effects of the lack of magnesium. Also it seems that the solutions did not effect the growth of the plants, they all seemed to grow to the same height at the same rate. This is proven by the control test also growing to this height. Sulphur had the greatest effect on the plants overall. By the 4th day into the experiment, the solution lacking sulphur was the only solution in which few seeds had germinated and had yellow leaves and short seedlings. I think that it is because sulphur is used in both germination and growth. It is used in proteins and Amino acids (the building blocks of protein). These are both vital nutrients as they are used as energy in the plant. Overall I think that if I had carried out my experiment for longer, the effects would have been greater. I could have also chosen more diverse nutrient/minerals. This would have caused fewer problems with which mineral caused which effect and I would have seen greater effects. I did find out that magnesium causes a decrease in energy due to fewer chloroplast cells. Sulphur causes short term and long term effects in growth and causes yellowing of leaves and Nitrogen does not cause short term effects but I predict will slow growth and cause yellowing of leaves in the long run.

The Drop Out Rate in Education in Cambodia

The Drop Out Rate in Education in Cambodia Introduction The number of students who drop out school in the basic education level is still very high although the government and the other stakeholders have been striving to cut down on number. It is very clear that there are number of things which cause those children to abandon their studies. It is, however, still a skeptical whether the demand side or the supply side which has the most influence on this phenomena. The government of Cambodia has considered the capacity building and human resource development as priority. In the Rectangular Strategy of the Royal Government of Cambodia has emphasized several points related to the education quality improvement at all levels. Like stated in the policies and strategies in ESP (Education Strategic Plan) 2006-10, there are a lot of reforms have been made in order to reach the Millennium Development Goals. The six EFA Dakar goals: 1- Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children. 2- Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girl, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to, and complete, free and compulsory primary education of good quality. 3- Ensuring that learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life-skills programmes. 4- Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults. 5- Elimination gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005, and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls full and access to and achievement in basic education of good quality. 6- Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuri ng excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. Source: UNESCO (2000 b), as cited in FE of IFL, pp 66-67 In those reforms, there have also been the strengthening tasks with other partnerships between the public and private sectors. These important tasks are really applicable for implementing the development goals for the betterment of the quality of education. Without doing the reforms, it is not effective form for the implementation because the concept or the social context does not respond to the strategic plan. The strategic plan and the resource of mobilization and utilization can not be cut off from the the understanding from the context or it will be failed to implement. (MoEYS, (2006) Education strategic plan 2006-2010). The objectives of the Ministry of Education, the implementers received the commands from the Royal Government of Cambodia, are to conduct the holistic development within the Cambodian youths. Young people are considered as bamboo shoots which can replace the old and dying bamboo, so building up the capacity among them is compulsory. The development of understanding among young people needs to be done for all sectors. In addition, the Ministry of Education attempts to contribute and engender a sense of nationalism and civic pride because it is really essential for them to determine their own identities. It also strives to upgrade the concept of high standards of morality and ethics in order to build up a good country that people can live in harmony. According to this stance, three main purposes have been set. The first purpose is the equitable access to education that indicates that all Cambodian children have right to receive education at least 9 years (finished grade 9). They receiv e education for free of charge in which the Ministry of Education calls for to promote this prestigious opportunity for all young Cambodians. Secondly, promote the service quality and efficiency of education; so for the Ministry strives to promote the quality of education in all levels especially the low level of education. It has created more supporting programs. In that the establishment of teaching materials is also paid the utmost care. Third, the Ministry intends to introduce the the idea of capacity building for decentralization in which new curricular has been put to manipulate this concept within young Cambodians through lesson of decentralization. The curriculum has been set by focusing much on the expansion of decentralization (Education strategic plan 2006-2010). According to the strategies and policies that the Ministry has set and determined above, it is not uncertain to fully understand what can be the things that have come as constraints to make students at basic level stop study. A long with the stimulants that the government have distributed, the families have to have some involvements to keep students remain in school. The government has continuously conducted reforms to find and to determine the weak points. Thus, this paper is to seek for the deep understanding on the hardships on the demand side and the capacity of distribution of the supply side. We also study to find out how the government of Cambodia manipulates with these challenges. Challenges That Lead to Dropping Out There are several significant challenges which lead to the dropping out among children. Some challenges are ignited by the supply sides while the other is caused by the demand sides. There have been several researches revealed the challenges that lead to the dropping out. The world Bank, in 2004, did stress the problems that lead to the drop out. Each year there is high rate of enrollment at basic level, but they eventually abandoned the school. These phenomena were caused by some factors. First, there is the increase of child labor at the very young age; children were exploited by several means without getting any care from the society or it is lack to be care by the related individuals. Second, there was late enrollment of the children and after a few years in school they felt embarrassed because they saw themselves as big; eventually, they quit. Third, there was lack of readiness for the enrollment; at the beginning of the enrollment the families seemed to have ability to send the m to school and later on it was impossible to do, so they stop. Fourth, there is the significant number of incomplete the low level school. Fifth, the lack of qualified teacher was identified as the ignition of the school abandon among the young children. Finally, the identification of the cause was the lack of health-environmental facilities such as playground and libraries (WB 2004). In fact the number of enrolment at primary level is quite big. The process of their studies can proceed only for a few years and after that the big number become smaller and smaller. There are numbers of complicated obstacles for these drops out. According to the data conducted by EMIS, only 45 per cent of children who start primary school can eventually finish grade sixth and among them, there are only thirty-eight per cent can go to lower secondary school; some of them didnt finish grade 9; in lower secondary school; there are three years which most students can only reach grade 8. It is such a big number of drop out which will be foreseen as number that will be much downgraded to reach grade 9. With this high percentage of drop out, it takes 10.8 years for a child to complete his or her education in primary school (EBEP 2006-2010). Recently, the Royal Government of Cambodia announced its practical way in improving the education system. Also it proclaimed the great achievements. In the contradict to this, there are still some big problems remain behind the achievement. The drop out rates is still high among primary school children and only small number that can accomplish grade 9. This phenomenon is a constraint for the Ministry in reaching its goal in stimulating the young people to receive basic education from grade 1 to grade 9 by the year 2015. Along with this, some constraints are identified by the Ministry of Education. In order to identify such problem, the Ministry created another department called Education Sector Support Program (ESSP) to detect and identify the problem. The challenges are found as follows: i) low access to basic education, particularly lower secondary schooling, among children from poor families, girls, ethnic minorities, children with disabilities, and children who are living in rem ote areas. ii) high dropout rates in basic education, with this most dropouts occurring in upper primary school before children have completed the full cycle. iii) uneven quality and standards in basic education (Benveniste 2008, p 15). In 2005 the World Band wrote that the transition period is another main cause of the drop out. The drop out occurs when they finished grade 6, and they are awaiting to pursue to grade 7. The number of children about 75 percent were able to go through from primary school and among that only 52 percent went on their studies to the secondary school and finished their basic education (from grade 1 to grade 9). During this interval, the decisions of the children as well as their parents are abruptly changed for some reasons (World Bank 2005). Supply-Side Factors So far the Royal Government of Cambodia that has the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports as an acting figure in implementing the educational policies has been working really hard to reduce the dropout rate among the basic education. The Ministry itself is looking for the the causes and it invests a lot of money in building facilities and instructional materials in recent years. Moreover, the government also set up policies to reduce the house whole financial burdens by letting children to enroll school for free. A long with this the necessity for the children to study is also supported. However, this support is still not enough for the children. The significant barrier for disadvantaged children is the direct cost. In recent year, the government commanded the removal of formal entry to enable them to enroll. Moreover, the Ministry strives to disseminate the information of free of charge enrollment for children. Some educational billboards about the importance of enrollment have been displayed in public to draw the understanding among parents. Unexpectedly, when students have already enrolled, some problems still occurred associated with the informal fees through providing the extra class to students or the like. This phenomenon should be combated for it functions as great constraint that lead to the drop out (Benveniste 2008). Another strategy to combat the dropout rate is to build up relationship with the community so that they can understand; they will support the enrolment and keep their children in school. In the citation of Education Strategic Plan 2006- 2010, there is the promotion of the relationship between homes and communities. The reasons of this expansion are to promote a shadow education which is considered as the important stimulant to achieve the objectives that have been launched. The campaign aims to disseminate the community- based information of holistic intervention at the early ages. The investments in early age among children has been increased from USD 0.19 million in 2006 to USD 0.3 million by 2010. The promoting program was supported by PAP (Priority Action Program) (Benveniste et al 2008). To ensure the stimulant package to upgrade within the children enrolment, the Ministry has also launched some other practical projects. In that, child friendly schools are seen significant to push the enrollment and to persuade children to remain in school. However, the campaign to spread the information about this project is not widely done so that parents do not fully understand the significance of it. If the parents know that they will value and help to encourage their children to remain in school. World Bank (2005) addressed other kind of constraints that lead to the dropout is the quality among teachers. The word quality in here does not really focus on the knowledge of the responsible subjects, but also the art or talent of teacher to harmonize with the students. Teachers need to have psychological knowledge to call for the interest among students. Qualified teachers can help students to stay in school more. In order to reform this, the project of quality improvement interventions program is also launched and a lot of money has been used to conduct this ability upgrading project. A long with student retention, promotion, and especially in student learning is done accompanying with teacher improvement. In the program of upgrading the quality of education, one dollar per pupil has been increased. The program also focuses on teacher training and this prestige implementation lead to the increase in points the students get between 0.70 and 1.05. After the implementation, there is the observation of increase in literacy as well; one dollar was invested in the upgrading policy, one percent was also excelled in student literacy. Another important task that the Ministry of Education pays its concentration in order to reduce the dropout is the investments in health care and skills training. Besides that, it goes to the the modernization of infrastructure.(World Bank: Quality Basic Education for All 2005) The followings are the components that can be used to stimulate the aspect of pushing the students to remain in school. The practical ways of encouraging students to remain are to enlarge the services to be available such as building up more school houses so that students are easy to get to school. This should be done in both primary and secondary school. Next, there should be the expanding of operating budget for these two levels. To do this can also lead to the elimination of gathering the illegal money. Thirdly, the development of remedial classes must be done. Fourth, the instructional material must be available to improve the quality of teaching and make the learning enjoyable for students. Sometimes it is hard for students to understand the abstract concept, so the use of teaching material can help students to form pictures in mind; they can understand better (World Bank 2008). Demand-Side Factors Elimination of unofficial fees. Unofficial fees are the significant constraint that make students families cant afford education for their children. In fact, under the support of the government, students do not pay for registration at the beginning of the new academic year. Surprisingly, students need to pay like bicycle parking fees; it is not a compulsory pay but students need to do unavoidable because they dont know where to park. The parking fees are thought to be too high sometime. Other unofficial fees are the fees students pay for the extra class. Students are not put pressure directly, instead they are put pressure indirectly through, for instance, giving low mark. Extra classes are reported in only 6-7 percent of small rural schools, but in more than 40 percent of large urban schools. Fees also vary considerably from less than R300 per class in small rural school to more than R500 in big urban schools (Araujo 2008. p. 58). Some other problems are identified for the demand side. These problems are the obstacle to miss persuading the students to remain in school. The primary education, especially the repetition of grade 1, 2 and 3 and the drop out of grade 5 and 6 still has some issues which have to be solved timely such as: a/Documents related to Child Friendly School program are not widely available. b/ PB budgets cannot be accessed at the start of the financial year, this impacts negatively on conducting activities and the achievement of targets. c/ The teaching hours and school calendar are often curtailed. d/ Insufficient access to textbooks reduces the quality of education and coverage of the curriculum. e/ Insufficient infrastructure, including: latrines, sources of water and sanitation, libraries in many schools in remote and disadvantaged areas impacts on students attendance and performance. f/ There are insufficient teachers in rural and remote areas undermining the quality of education and learning in these areas. g/ The capacity of District Training and Management Teams (DTMT) in all provinces and capital city is not strong enough to help the teachers and school directors improve school performance (National Education Congress Summary Report-Academic Year 2008-09 p.4) Work force The number of dropouts in the rural areas is higher than in the urban. In rural areas, children are subject to do works such as looking after cattle in the fields; besides that, those children need to do more chores like carrying water from ponds, wells nearby, and firewood to supply home. That is a great burden for them to manage time to study. When they are so busy with this kind of work, they seem to have no feeling to read books (Dy 2004). What the Government Should Do to Reduce the Dropout Rate In order to reduce the number of dropouts, the government should do several jobs such as staff training, financing, evaluating, facility providing, setting clear policies, and other program monitoring. As stated in the Congress Report (2009), staff training is important in reducing the dropout rate for it helps students to gain their knowledge quite well. It also relates to the quality of education. When students get good academic achievement, their families as well as themselves feel really proud so that they have strong commitment towards education. Sometimes, the academic achievement can insult students and their families and in the end student can quit their studies. Another important thing for the government to do is to finance especially on building more school building quite near to their home. The government has to ensure that one village there is one primary school. Besides the school buildings, financing on teaching materials is also important to achieve the effective academic result. Moreover, the government should provide more money for teachers. If teachers have high salary, it is clear that they spiritually have committed to their teaching and their teaching will have good result. Setting up clear indicators as well as other policies related education is extremely significant. Dy (2001) stressed the importance of clear policies making. Prioritizing the policies making is to pave the way clearly that the Ministry could access their goals. The Ministry of Education that has administrators to implement the policies should particularly focus on primary education by conducting special training for all teachers as well as the school principals. Conclusion It has been observed that the dropout rate is still remaining high even though the government has been striving its works to eliminate or to reduce. The areas that are considerably indicated as high are in rural. The problem is that in those remote areas really face many difficulties for children while the urban areas students seem to use most of their time in learning. In contrast to the city children, rural children use most of their time to do house work and other non-academic affairs. Although these problems occur, the government is the one which has significant function to stimulate the reducing process of the dropout among children in lower education.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Tell Tale Heart :: Essays Papers

Tell Tale Heart "True!--nervous--very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I am mad? The disease had sharpened my senses--not destroyed--not dulled them. Above all was the sense of hearing acute. I heard all things in the heavens and in the earth. I heard many things in hell. How, then, am I mad?" "...Now this is the point. You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded--with what caution--with what foresight--with what dissimulation I went to work! I was never kinder to the old man than during the whole week before I killed him." It is impossible to say how the idea of murdering the old man first entered the mind of the narrator. There was no real motive as stated by the narrator: "Object there was none. Passion there was none. I loved the old man. He had never wronged me....For his gold I had no desire. I think that it was his eye!" The narrator states that one of the old man's eyes was a pale blue color with a film over it, which resembled the eye of a vulture. Just the sight of that eye made the narrator's blood run cold, and as a result, the eye (and with it the old man) must be destroyed. Every night at midnight, the narrator went to the old man's room. Carefully, he turned the latch to the door, and opened it without making a sound. When a sufficient opening had been made, a covered lantern was thrust inside. "I undid the lantern cautiously...(for the hindges creaked)--I undid it just so much that a single thin ray fell upon the vulture eye. And this I did for seven long nights...but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye." The old man suspected nothing. During the day, the narrator continued to perform his usual duties, and even dared to ask each morning how the old man had passed the night; however, at midnight, the nightly ritual continued. Upon the eighth night, the narrator proceeded to the old man's room as usual; however, on this night, something was different. "Never before that night had I felt the extent of my powers--of my sagacity.

Friday, July 19, 2019

what is rap :: essays research papers

Many schools of history begin the story of rap music as a mutation of southern soap-box blues. Using the basics of the blues style of music, rap is all about emotions and the personal interpretation of reality by the author of the song. Rap, then, should be considered as a definition essay of sort. What is rap? Rap music is an American minority artist creation. Unfortunately, rap music is not perceived by many Americans as an art form, but as a fad which they hope will soon fade away, one can trace the history of rap back to the West African professional singers/storytellers known as Griots. Rap is spoken word, rap is slang from the street corners of your brain. Rap is smoking herb, rappers recite truthful social bombs, preachers even rap it just comes out in a religious form. Rap is the heart and soul of citizens in the tall cold walls of property. Rap is the story of the time when people lost all control. Rap is regional, descriptive, and ethnic. Rap is regional, much like dialects. Different parts of the nation live in different manners. Every regional has its own story to tell, so in rap a song should tell the story of its region. Whenever a group of people is locked within the margins of American social discourse, that community may find it necessary to scream or chant or rap to be heard. It should come as no surprise, then, that alienation serves to be the medium for counter-cultural movements. Discontentment is only the beginning. Each region should have its on flare, its on personality. Genuine rap informs its listeners about the current social climate. For example, if the mayor of a city has recently been convicted for misusing public funds, it would surely be in a rap song. If a guy went into a courtroom and shot the judge, bailiff, and the court reporter it would most likely be in a rap song. Unlike most of the lyrics out on the market today, genuine rap contains meaning and it sends a message to the listeners. Although those messages might have bad words, and show images of things that are socially wrong, that’s actually what is going on where they are from. Their music represents their area and their people, and it is no different from a farmer singing about his cows and chickens out in farmland.